what generally did progressives believe who were among the first to articulate progressive ideas

Reform movement in the United states of america advocating the idea of progress

Progressivism in the U.s. is a political philosophy and reform motility that reached its height early in the 20th century. Middle class and reformist in nature, information technology arose as a response to the vast changes brought past modernization such as the growth of big corporations, pollution and corruption in American politics.

Historian Alonzo Hamby describes American progressivism as a "political movement that addresses ideas, impulses, and bug stemming from modernization of American guild. Emerging at the end of the nineteenth century, it established much of the tone of American politics throughout the start half of the century".^[1]

In the 21st century, the term is often used to describe proponents of social justice and environmentalism.^[2] While the modern progressive movement may be characterized as largely secular in nature, past comparison, the historical progressive move was to a significant extent rooted in and energized past religion.^[iii]

Progressive Era [edit]

Historians debate the exact contours, but they generally date the Progressive Era in response to the excesses of the Gilded Age from the 1890s to either World War I or the onset of the Great Low.^[4] Many of the cadre principles of the progressive move focused on the need for efficiency in all areas of society. Purification to eliminate waste and corruption was a powerful element as well as the progressives' support of worker compensation, improved kid labor laws, minimum wage legislation, a limited workweek, graduated income taxation and allowed women the right to vote.^[4] Arthur S. Link and Vincent P. De Santis argue that the majority of progressives wanted to purify politics.^[v] ^[6] According to Jimmie Franklin, purification meant taking the vote abroad from blacks in the South.^[7]

According to historian William Leuchtenburg, "[t]he Progressives believed in the Hamiltonian concept of positive government, of a national government directing the destinies of the nation at abode and abroad. They had little but contempt for the strict structure of the Constitution by conservative judges, who would restrict the ability of the national government to human activity against social evils and to extend the blessings of republic to less favored lands. The real enemy was particularism, state rights, limited authorities".^[viii]

Purifying the electorate [edit]

Progressives repeatedly warned that illegal voting was corrupting the political system. They especially identified large-city bosses, working with saloon keepers and precinct workers, as the culprits who stuffed the ballot boxes. The solution to purifying the vote included prohibition (designed to shut downwardly the saloons), voter registration requirements (designed to end multiple voting), and literacy tests (designed to minimize the number of ignorant voters).^[ix]

All of the Southern states used devices to disenfranchise black voters during the Progressive Era.^[10] ^[11] Typically, the progressive elements in those states pushed for disenfranchisement, often fighting confronting the conservatism of the Black Belt whites.^[12] A major reason given was that whites routinely purchased black votes to control elections, and it was easier to disenfranchise blacks than to go later powerful white men.^[13]

In the Northern states, progressives such equally Robert M. La Follette and William Simon U'Ren argued that the average citizen should have more than command over his authorities. The Oregon System of "Initiative, Plebiscite, and Retrieve" was exported to many states, including Idaho, Washington and Wisconsin.^[14] Many progressives such every bit George G. Forbes, president of Rochester'due south Board of Instruction, hoped to make regime in the United states of america more responsive to the direct vocalism of the American people, arguing:

[W]eastward are now intensely occupied in forging the tools of democracy, the directly chief, the initiative, the referendum, the recall, the short ballot, commission authorities. But in our enthusiasm nosotros do not seem to be aware that these tools volition be worthless unless they are used by those who are aflame with the sense of alliance. [...] The thought [of the social centers movement is] to establish in each community an establishment having a direct and vital relation to the welfare of the neighborhood, ward, or district, and also to the metropolis as a whole^[15]

Philip J. Ethington seconds this high view of direct democracy, proverb that "initiatives, referendums, and recalls, forth with directly primaries and the direct ballot of U.s. Senators, were the core achievements of 'direct commonwealth' by the Progressive generation during the get-go 2 decades of the twentieth century".^[16]

Women marching for the right to vote, 1912

Progressives fought for women's suffrage to purify the elections using supposedly purer female person voters.^[17] Progressives in the Southward supported the elimination of supposedly decadent black voters from the ballot booth. Historian Michael Perman says that in both Texas and Georgia "disfranchisement was the weapon as well every bit the rallying cry in the fight for reform". In Virginia, "the bulldoze for disfranchisement had been initiated by men who saw themselves equally reformers, fifty-fifty progressives".^[18]

While the ultimate significance of the progressive movement on today's politics is still up for contend, Alonzo 50. Hamby asks:

What were the central themes that emerged from the cacophony [of progressivism]? Democracy or elitism? Social justice or social command? Small entrepreneurship or concentrated commercialism? And what was the touch of American strange policy? Were the progressives isolationists or interventionists? Imperialists or advocates of national self-determination? And whatever they were, what was their motivation? Moralistic utopianism? Muddled relativistic pragmatism? Hegemonic capitalism? Not surprisingly many battered scholars began to shout 'no mas!' In 1970, Peter Filene declared that the term 'progressivism' had become meaningless.^[nineteen]

Municipal administration [edit]

The progressives typically concentrated on metropolis and state authorities, looking for waste product and better ways to provide services as the cities grew rapidly. These changes led to a more structured system, ability that had been centralized inside the legislature would now be more than locally focused. The changes were fabricated to the arrangement to effectively make legal processes, market transactions, bureaucratic administration and democracy easier to manage, putting them under the classification of "Municipal Administration". There was also a modify in potency for this system as it was believed that the authority that was not properly organized had now given authority to professionals, experts and bureaucrats for these services. These changes led to a more solid blazon of municipal assistants compared to the former organisation that was underdeveloped and poorly synthetic.^[xx] ^[21] ^[22] ^[23] ^[24]

The progressives mobilized concerned middle grade voters as well every bit newspapers and magazines to identify bug and concentrate reform sentiment on specific bug. Many Protestants focused on the saloon as the power base of operations for corruption too equally violence and family unit disruption, so they tried to become rid of the entire saloon organization through prohibition. Others such as Jane Addams in Chicago promoted settlement houses.^[25] Early municipal reformers included Hazen S. Pingree (mayor of Detroit in the 1890s)^[26] and Tom L. Johnson in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1901, Johnson won election as mayor of Cleveland on a platform of merely tax, home rule for Ohio cities and a 3-cent streetcar fare.^[27] Columbia University President Seth Low was elected mayor of New York City in 1901 on a reform ticket.^[28]

Efficiency [edit]

Many progressives such every bit Louis Brandeis hoped to make American governments amend able to serve the people's needs by making governmental operations and services more than efficient and rational. Rather than making legal arguments against ten-hour workdays for women, he used "scientific principles" and data produced by social scientists documenting the high costs of long working hours for both individuals and lodge.^[29] The progressives' quest for efficiency was sometimes at odds with the progressives' quest for democracy. Taking power out of the hands of elected officials and placing that power in the hands of professional administrators reduced the voice of the politicians and in plough reduced the voice of the people. Centralized conclusion-making past trained experts and reduced power for local wards made government less corrupt but more than distant and isolated from the people it served. Progressives who emphasized the demand for efficiency typically argued that trained independent experts could make better decisions than the local politicians. In his influential Drift and Mastery (1914) stressing the "scientific spirit" and "discipline of democracy", Walter Lippmann chosen for a strong central government guided by experts rather than public opinion.^[30]

One instance of progressive reform was the rising of the metropolis managing director system in which paid, professional person engineers ran the day-to-day affairs of city governments under guidelines established by elected city councils. Many cities created municipal "reference bureaus" which did expert surveys of authorities departments looking for waste and inefficiency. Afterward in-depth surveys, local and even state governments were reorganized to reduce the number of officials and to eliminate overlapping areas of authority between departments. City governments were reorganized to reduce the power of local ward bosses and to increase the powers of the city council. Governments at every level began developing budgets to aid them programme their expenditures rather than spending money haphazardly as needs arose and revenue became available. Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois showed a "passion for efficiency" every bit he streamlined state government.^[31]

Governmental corruption [edit]

Corruption represented a source of waste and inefficiency in the government. William Simon U'Ren in Oregon, Robert M. La Follette in Wisconsin and others worked to clean upward state and local governments by passing laws to weaken the power of machine politicians and political bosses. In Wisconsin, La Follette pushed through an open primary organization that stripped party bosses of the power to pick party candidates.^[32] The Oregon Arrangement included a "Decadent Practices Act", a public referendum and a country-funded voter's pamphlet, among other reforms which were exported to other states in the Northwest and Midwest. Its high point was in 1912, after which they detoured into a disastrous 3rd party status.^[33]

Education [edit]

Early progressive thinkers such every bit John Dewey and Lester Ward placed a universal and comprehensive system of education at the top of the progressive agenda, reasoning that if a commonwealth were to be successful, its leaders, the full general public, needed a proficient education.^[34] Progressives worked hard to aggrandize and amend public and private pedagogy at all levels. They believed that modernization of society necessitated the compulsory instruction of all children, even if the parents objected. Progressives turned to educational researchers to evaluate the reform calendar past measuring numerous aspects of education, later leading to standardized testing. Many educational reforms and innovations generated during this flow continued to influence debates and initiatives in American education for the balance of the 20th century. Ane of the almost apparent legacies of the Progressive Era left to American education was the perennial drive to reform schools and curricula, often equally the product of energetic grass-roots movements in the urban center.^[35]

Since progressivism was and continues to exist "in the optics of the beholder", progressive educational activity encompasses very various and sometimes conflicting directions in educational policy. Such enduring legacies of the Progressive Era go along to interest historians. Progressive Era reformers stressed "object teaching", coming together the needs of detail constituencies inside the school district, equal educational opportunity for boys and girls and avoiding corporal penalisation.^[36]

David Gamson examines the implementation of progressive reforms in three city schoolhouse districts—Denver, Colorado, Seattle, Washington and Oakland, California—during 1900–1928. Historians of educational reform during the Progressive Era tend to highlight the fact that many progressive policies and reforms were very different and at times even contradictory. At the school district level, contradictory reform policies were often specially credible, though there is little testify of defoliation among progressive schoolhouse leaders in Denver, Seattle and Oakland. District leaders in these cities, including Frank B. Cooper in Seattle and Fred G. Hunter in Oakland, often employed a seemingly contradictory set of reforms. Local progressive educators consciously sought to operate independently of national progressive movements as they preferred reforms that were easy to implement and were encouraged to mix and alloy diverse reforms that had been shown to work in other cities.^[37]

The reformers emphasized professionalization and bureaucratization. The old system whereby ward politicians selected schoolhouse employees was dropped in the instance of teachers and replaced by a merit system requiring a college-level education in a normal school (instructor's college).^[38] The rapid growth in size and complexity the large urban school systems facilitated stable employment for women teachers and provided senior teachers greater opportunities to mentor younger teachers. Past 1900, most women in Providence, Rhode Isle, remained as teachers for at least 17.v years, indicating teaching had become a significant and desirable career path for women.^[39]

Regulation of large corporations and monopolies [edit]

"The Bosses of the Senate", a cartoon by Joseph Keppler depicting corporate interests–from steel, copper, oil, iron, sugar, tin, and coal to newspaper bags, envelopes and salt–every bit giant coin bags looming over the tiny senators at their desks in the Sleeping room of the United states Senate^[40]

Many progressives hoped that by regulating big corporations they could liberate homo energies from the restrictions imposed past industrial capitalism. Nonetheless, the progressive motion was split over which of the following solutions should be used to regulate corporations.

Trust busting [edit]

Pro-labor progressives such as Samuel Gompers argued that industrial monopolies were unnatural economical institutions which suppressed the competition which was necessary for progress and improvement.^[41] ^[42] Us antitrust law is the body of laws that prohibits anti-competitive behavior (monopoly) and unfair business practices. Presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft supported trust-busting. During their presidencies, the otherwise-conservative Taft brought down 90 trusts in four years while Roosevelt took down 44 in seven and a one-half years in office.^[43]

Regulation [edit]

Progressives such every bit Benjamin Parke De Witt argued that in a modernistic economy, large corporations and even monopolies were both inevitable and desirable.^[44] With their massive resource and economies of scale, large corporations offered the United States advantages which smaller companies could not offer. Withal, these large corporations might corruption their not bad power. The federal government should allow these companies to exist, just otherwise regulate them for the public involvement. President Roosevelt generally supported this idea and was after to comprise it equally function of his "New Nationalism".

[edit]

Progressives set up training programs to ensure that welfare and charity work would be undertaken by trained professionals rather than warm-hearted amateurs.^[45]

Jane Addams of Chicago'south Hull House typified the leadership of residential, community centers operated by social workers and volunteers and located in inner city slums. The purpose of the settlement houses was to raise the standard of living of urbanites by providing adult education and cultural enrichment programs.^[46]

Anti-prostitution [edit]

During this era of massive reformation amongst all social aspects, elimination of prostitution was vital for the progressives, specially the women.^[47]

Enactment of child labor laws [edit]

A poster highlighting the situation of child labor in the United States in the early 20th century

Child labor laws were designed to prevent the overuse of children in the newly emerging industries. The goal of these laws was to give working class children the opportunity to go to school and mature more institutionally, thereby liberating the potential of humanity and encouraging the advancement of humanity. Manufactory owners by and large did not want this progression considering of lost workers. They used Charles Dickens equally a symbol that the working conditions spark imagination. This initiative failed, with child labor laws being enacted anyway.^[48] ^[49]

Back up for the goals of organized labor [edit]

Labor unions grew steadily until 1916, then expanded fast during the state of war. In 1919, a wave of major strikes alienated the middle form and the strikes were lost which alienated the workers. In the 1920s, the unions were in the doldrums. In 1924, they supported Robert M. La Follette's Progressive Political party, but he only carried his base in Wisconsin. The American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers later 1907 began supporting the Democrats, who promised more than favorable judges as the Republicans appointed pro-business judges. Theodore Roosevelt and his third party also supported such goals every bit the viii-hour work day, improved safety and health conditions in factories, workers' bounty laws and minimum wage laws for women.^[l]

Prohibition [edit]

Nigh progressives, especially in rural areas, adopted the crusade of prohibition.^[51] They saw the saloon as political abuse incarnate and bewailed the damage washed to women and children. They believed the consumption of alcohol limited mankind's potential for advancement.^[52] Progressives accomplished success first with state laws then with the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United states Constitution in 1919. The gilt 24-hour interval did non dawn as enforcement was lax, specially in the cities where the law had very limited popular support and where notorious criminal gangs such as the Chicago gang of Al Capone fabricated a crime spree based on illegal sales of liquor in speakeasies. The "experiment" (as President Herbert Hoover called it) likewise price the treasury large sums of taxes and the 18th amendment was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1933.^[53]

Eugenics [edit]

Some progressives sponsored eugenics as a solution to excessively large or under-performing families, hoping that birth control would enable parents to focus their resources on fewer, ameliorate children while others, like Margaret Sanger advocated it.^[54] Progressive leaders such every bit Herbert Croly and Walter Lippmann indicated their classical liberal concern over the danger posed to the individual by the practise of eugenics.^[55] Progressive politico William Jennings Bryan opposed eugenics on the grounds of his anti-evolution activism.^[56]

Conservation [edit]

During the term of the progressive President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) and influenced past the ideas of philosopher-scientists such equally George Perkins Marsh, William John McGee, John Muir, John Wesley Powell and Lester Frank Ward,^[57] the largest government-funded conservation-related projects in U.s.a. history were undertaken.

National parks and wild fauna refuges [edit]

On March 14, 1903, President Roosevelt created the first National Bird Preserve, the beginning of the Wild fauna Refuge organization, on Pelican Island, Florida. In all, by 1909, the Roosevelt assistants had created an unprecedented 42 million acres (170,000 km^two) of United States National Forests, 53 National Wildlife Refuges and eighteen areas of "special interest" such every bit the M Canyon.

Reclamation [edit]

In add-on, Roosevelt canonical the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 which gave subsidies for irrigation in 13 (somewhen 20) Western states. Another conservation-oriented bill was the Antiquities Human action of 1906 that protected large areas of land past assuasive the president to declare areas meriting protection to be national monuments. The Inland Waterways Commission was appointed by Roosevelt on March xiv, 1907, to written report the river systems of the United States, including the evolution of h2o power, alluvion control and state reclamation.^[58]

National politics [edit]

In the early 20th century, politicians of the Democratic and Republican parties, Lincoln–Roosevelt League Republicans (in California) and Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party all pursued environmental, political and economical reforms. Chief amidst these aims was the pursuit of trust busting, the breaking upwardly very big monopolies and support for labor unions, public wellness programs, decreased abuse in politics and environmental conservation.^[59]

The progressive movement enlisted support from both major parties and from minor parties every bit well. Ane leader, the Democratic William Jennings Bryan, had won both the Autonomous Party and the Populist Party nominations in 1896. At the fourth dimension, the peachy bulk of other major leaders had been opposed to populism. When Roosevelt left the Republican Party in 1912, he took with him many of the intellectual leaders of progressivism, but very few political leaders.^[sixty] The Republican Party and so became notably more committed to business concern-oriented and efficiency-oriented progressivism, typified by Herbert Hoover and William Howard Taft.^[61]

Civilization [edit]

The foundation of the progressive trend was indirectly linked to the unique philosophy of pragmatism which was primarily developed by John Dewey and William James.^[62] ^[63]

As significant to progressive-era reform were the crusading journalists known as muckrakers. These journalists publicized to middle class readers economical privilege, political corruption and social injustice. Their articles appeared in McClure's Magazine and other reform periodicals. Some muckrakers focused on corporate abuses. Ida Tarbell exposed the activities of the Standard Oil Company. In The Shame of the Cities (1904), Lincoln Steffens dissected abuse in urban center regime. In Following the Colour Line (1908), Ray Stannard Baker criticized race relations. Other muckrakers assailed the Senate, railroad companies, insurance companies and fraud in patent medicine.^[64]

Novelists criticized corporate injustices. Theodore Dreiser drew harsh portraits of a type of ruthless man of affairs in The Financier (1912) and The Titan (1914). In The Jungle (1906), Socialist Upton Sinclair repelled readers with descriptions of Chicago's meatpacking plants and his work led to support for remedial nutrient safety legislation.

Leading intellectuals also shaped the progressive mentality. In Dynamic Sociology (1883), Lester Frank Ward laid out the philosophical foundations of the progressive motion and attacked the laissez-faire policies advocated by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner.^[65] In The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Thorstein Veblen attacked the "conspicuous consumption" of the wealthy. Educator John Dewey emphasized a child-centered philosophy of educational activity known as progressive education which affected schoolrooms for three generations.^[66]

In the 21st century [edit]

Modern progressivism can exist seen as encompassing many notable differences from the historical progressivism of the 19th–20th centuries. Some viewpoints of modernistic progressivism highlight these perceived differences like those of Princeton economic science professor Thomas C. Leonard who viewed historical progressivism in The American Conservative equally being "[a]t a glance, [...] not much hither for 21st-century progressives to claim kinship with. Today's progressives emphasize racial equality and minority rights, decry U.S. imperialism, shun biological ideas in social science, and have little use for piety or proselytizing". Ultimately however, both historical progressivism and the modern movement share the notion that the free markets atomic number 82 to economic inequalities that must be ameliorated in order to all-time protect the American working class.^[67]

Mitigating income inequality [edit]

Income inequality in the United States has been on the rise since 1970.^[68] Progressives argue that lower union rates, weak policy, globalization and other drivers have caused the gap in income.^[69] ^[seventy] ^[71] The rise of income inequality has led progressives to draft legislation including, but not express to, reforming Wall Street, reforming the revenue enhancement code, reforming campaign finance, endmost loopholes and keeping domestic piece of work.^[72]

Wall Street reform [edit]

Progressives began to demand stronger Wall Street regulation after they perceived deregulation and relaxed enforcement as leading to the fiscal crunch of 2008. Passing the Dodd-Frank financial regulatory act in 2010 provided increased oversight on financial institutions and the creation of new regulatory agencies, just many progressives argue its broad framework allows for financial institutions to continue to take advantage of consumers and the regime.^[73] Among others, Bernie Sanders has advocated to reimplement Glass-Steagall for its stricter regulation and to break upwards the banks because of financial institutions' marketplace share being concentrated in a select few 'too big to fail' corporations.^[74] ^[75]

Health care reform [edit]

In 2009, the Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) outlined five cardinal healthcare principles they intended to pass into law. The CPC mandated a nationwide public selection, affordable health insurance, insurance market regulations, an employer insurance provision mandate and comprehensive services for children.^[76] In March 2010, Congress passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which was intended to increase the affordability and efficiency of the United States healthcare organization. Although considered a success by progressives, many argued that it did not go far enough in achieving healthcare reform every bit exemplified with the Democrats' failure in achieving a national public option.^[77] In recent decades, single-payer healthcare has go an important goal in healthcare reform for progressives. In the 2016 Democratic Political party primaries, progressive presidential candidate Bernie Sanders raised the upshot of a unmarried-payer healthcare arrangement, citing his belief that millions of Americans are still paying too much for health insurance and arguing that millions more don't receive the care they need.^[78] In November 2016, an endeavor was made to implement a single-payer healthcare organization in the state of Colorado, known every bit ColoradoCare (Amendment 69). Senator Sanders held rallies in Colorado in support of Subpoena 69 leading up to the vote.^[79] Despite high-profile support, Amendment 69 failed to pass, with simply 21.23% of voting Colorado residents voting in favor and 78.77% against.^[fourscore]

Minimum wage [edit]

Adjusted for inflation, the minimum wage peaked in 1968 at effectually $9.90 an hour in 2020 dollars.^[81] Progressives believe that stagnating wages perpetuate income inequality and that raising the minimum wage is a necessary pace to combat inequality.^[71] If the minimum wage grew at the charge per unit of productivity growth in the Usa, it would exist $21.72 an hour, nearly three times as much equally the current $7.25 an hour.^[82] Popular progressives such equally Senator Bernie Sanders and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez accept endorsed a federally mandated wage increase to $fifteen an hour.^[83] The move has already seen success with its implementation in California with the passing of bill to enhance the minimum wage $ane every year until reaching $15 an hour in 2021.^[84] New York workers are lobbying for similar legislation as many keep to rally for a minimum wage increment as part of the Fight for $15 movement.^[85]

Environmental justice [edit]

Modernistic progressives advocate for strong environmental protections and measures to reduce or eliminate pollution. I reason for this is the stiff link betwixt economic injustice and adverse environmental weather as groups that are economically marginalized tend to exist disproportionately affected past the harms of pollution and ecology degradation.^[86]

Definition [edit]

With the rise in popularity of progressives such as Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Bernie Sanders, and Elizabeth Warren, the term progressive began to conduct greater cultural currency, particularly in the 2016 Democratic primaries. While answering a question from CNN moderator Anderson Cooper regarding her willingness to shift positions during an October 2015 debate, Hillary Clinton referred to herself as a "progressive who likes to get things done", drawing the ire of a number of Sanders supporters and other critics from her left.^[87] Questions about the precise meaning of the term have persisted within the Democratic Party and without since the election of Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election, with some candidates using it to indicate their affiliation with the left flank of the party. Progressive and progressivism are substantially contested concepts, with different groups and individuals defining the terms in different and sometimes contradictory ways towards unlike and sometimes contradictory ends.^{[ citation needed ]}

Progressive parties [edit]

Following the first progressive movement of the early 20th century, two after short-lived parties take also identified as progressive.

Progressive Party, 1912 [edit]

The first political political party named the Progressive Party was formed for the 1912 presidential ballot to elect Theodore Roosevelt.^[88] It was formed after Roosevelt lost his bid to become the Republican candidate to William Howard Taft, and became defunct by 1920.

Progressive Political party, 1924 [edit]

In 1924, Wisconsin Senator Robert M. La Follette ran for president on the Progressive Party ticket. La Follette won the support of labor unions, Germans and socialists by his crusade. He carried only Wisconsin and the party vanished exterior of there.^[89] There, it remained a force until the 1940s.

Progressive Party, 1948 [edit]

A tertiary political party was initiated in 1948 by onetime Vice President Henry A. Wallace as a vehicle for his campaign for president. He saw the two parties as reactionary and war-mongering, and attracted support from left-wing voters who opposed the Cold War policies that had go a national consensus. Well-nigh liberals, New Dealers and especially the Congress of Industrial Organizations, denounced the political party because in their view information technology was increasingly controlled by "Communists". Information technology faded away after winning ii% of the vote in 1948.^[90]

Meet besides [edit]

Center for American Progress
Democratic socialism
Ecology justice
Mod liberalism in the United States
Occupy movement
Progress
Social democracy
Social justice
Social liberalism
Progressivism
Labor history of the United States

References [edit]

^ Alonzo L. Hamby, "Progressivism: A Century of Change and Rebirth", in Progressivism and the New Democracy, ed. Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur (University of Massachusetts Printing, 1999), (p.?) twoscore also notes that "a plethora of scholarship in the final half of the 1950s left the erstwhile consensus [about progressives] in shreds while producing a plethora of culling views that defy rational synthesis."
^ "Progressivism". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th (2001–2005) ed.). Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
^ Trodd, Zoe (2017). "Social Progressivism and Religion in America". Social Progressivism and Religion in America. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Organized religion. doi:ten.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.462. ISBN9780199340378.
^ ^a ^b Nugent, Walter (2010). Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-xix-531106-viii. Progressivism emerged as a response to the excesses of the Golden Age [...]. [Progressives] fought for worker's [sic] compensation, kid labor laws, minimum wage and maximum hours legislation; they enacted anti-trust laws, improved living weather condition in urban slums, instituted the graduated income taxation, won woman the correct to vote, and laid the background for Roosevelt'south New Deal.
^ Link, Arthur Southward. (1954). Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era: 1913–1917.
^ De Santis, Vincent P. (1999). The Shaping of Modernistic America, 1877–1920. p. 171. "[P]rogressives strove to purify politics".
^ Franklin, J. (1 March 1999). "Blacks and the Progressive Movement: Emergence of a New Synthesis". OAH Magazine of History. xiii (3): twenty–23. doi:10.1093/maghis/13.3.20. JSTOR 25163288.
^ Leuchtenburg, William (December 1952). "Progressivism and Imperialism: The Progressive Motility and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1916". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 39 (iii): 483–485. doi:x.2307/1895006. JSTOR 1895006.
^ Alexander Keyssar (2009). The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Republic in the United states of america. Bones Books, 2nd ed. pp. 103–thirty. ISBN9780465010141.
^ Catherine Cocks; et al. (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era. Scarecrow Press. p. 112. ISBN9780810862937.
^ David W. Southern, The Progressive Era and Race: Reaction and Reform, 1900–1917 (2005)
^ Michael Perman (2010). Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American S. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 174. ISBN9780807899250.
^ Charles P. Henry (1999). Ralph Bunche: Model Negro Or American Other?. NYU Press. pp. 96–98. ISBN9780814735824.
^ "4. Shall the People Rule?", La Follette campaign literature, Wisconsin Historical Guild, La Follette has ever sought to give the people greater power over their affairs. He has favored and now favors the direct election of senators ...
^ Quoted in Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur, "Progressivism and the New Democracy," (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999) xix–20
^ Philip J. Ethington, "The Metropolis and Multicultural Ideals: Straight Republic versus Deliberative Republic in the Progressive Era," in Progressivism and the New Democracy, ed. Sidney Thou. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur (Amherst: Massachusetts University Printing, 1999), 193
^ Aileen Southward. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement (1965)
^ Michael Perman.Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908. (University of North Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 63, 85, 177, 186–87; quotes on pp. 223, 298
^ Quoted in Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur, "Progressivism and the New Democracy," (Amherst: Academy of Massachusetts Printing, 1999) 42
^ Joseph L. Tropea, "Rational Commercialism and Municipal Authorities: The Progressive Era." Social Scientific discipline History (1989): 137–58
^ Michael H. Ebner and Eugene Thou. Tobin, eds., The Age of Urban Reform, (1977)
^ Bradley Robert Rice, Progressive cities: the committee government movement in America, 1901–1920 (1977)
^ Martin J. Schiesl, The politics of efficiency: municipal reform in the Progressive Era 1880–1920 (1972)
^ Kenneth Flim-flam, Better metropolis government: innovation in American urban politics, 1850–1937 (1977)
^ John D. Buenker, ed. Encyclopedia of the Golden Age and Progressive Era (2005)
^ Melvin Thou. Holli, Reform in Detroit: Hazen South. Pingree and Urban Politics (1969)
^ Eugene C. Murdock, Tom Johnson in Cleveland (1994)
^ L. E. Fredman, "Seth Depression: Theorist of Municipal Reform," Periodical of American Studies 1972 half dozen(1): 19–39
^ The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century (Evanston: McDougall Littell, 2006), 308
^ J. Michael Hogan (2003). Rhetoric and reform in the Progressive Era. Michigan Country U. Press. p. 15. ISBN978-0-87013-637-v.
^ William Thomas Hutchinson (1957). Lowden of Illinois: the life of Frank O. Lowden. U. of Chicago Press. pp. 305 vol i.
^ Smith, Kevin B. (2011). Governing States and Localities. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 189–ninety. ISBN978-i-60426-728-0.
^ Carlos A. Schwantes (1996). The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History. U of Nebraska Printing. pp. 347–. ISBN978-0803292284.
^ Ravitch, Diane; Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms; Simon & Schuster
^ William J. Reese, Ability and the Promise of School Reform: Grassroots Movements during the Progressive Era (1986)^{[ page needed ]}
^ Murphey, Kathleen A. (one Oct 1999). "Common Schoolhouse or 'One All-time System'? Tracking Schoolhouse Reform in Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1853-75". Historical Studies in Pedagogy: 188–211. doi:10.32316/hse/rhe.v11i2.1623.
^ Gamson, David (2003). "District Progressivism: Rethinking Reform in Urban School Systems, 1900–1928". Paedagogica Historica. 39 (4): 417–34. doi:10.1080/00309230307479. S2CID 145478829.
^ The politicians nevertheless picked the schoolhouse janitors.
^ Victoria-María MacDonald, "The Paradox of Bureaucratization: New Views on Progressive Era Teachers and the Development of a Adult female'southward Profession," History of Education Quarterly 1999 39(iv): 427–53
^ Published in Puck (23 January 1889)
^ Samuel Gompers. Labor and antitrust legislation. The facts, theory and argument: a brief and appeal. Amer. Federation of Labor; 1914.
^ Gompers, Samuel; McBride, John; Green, William (1916), The American federationist, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations . p. 839.
^ Kolasky, William. "Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft: Marching Toward Armageddon" (PDF). Antitrust, Vol. 25, No. two, Spring 2011. the American Bar Association. Retrieved v October 2012. ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]}
^ Gompers, McBride & Green 1916, p. 129.
^ Mina Carson, Settlement Folk: Social Thought and the American Settlement Motility, 1885–1930 (1990)
^ Judith Ann Trolander, "Hull-House and the Settlement Business firm Motion: A Centennial Reassessment," Journal of Urban History 1991 17(4): 410–xx
^ Connelly, Mark Thomas (1980). The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era. The University of South Carolina Press. ISBN978-0-8078-1424-half-dozen.
^ Walter I. Trattner, Cause for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America (1970)
^ Hugh D. Hindman, Child Labor: An American History (2002). 431 pp.
^ Julie Greene, Pure and Elementary Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881–1917 (1998)
^ James H. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Move, 1900–1920 (1970)
^ Norman H. Clark, Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition (1976)
^ Daniel Okrent, Last Telephone call: The Rise and Autumn of Prohibition (2011) excerpt and text search
^ Thomas, Leonard (2005). "Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 (4): 207–224. doi:10.1257/089533005775196642.
^ Cohen, Nancy (2002). The Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865–1914 . Chapel Hill, Northward Carolina: The University of North Carolina Printing. p. 243. ISBN978-0807853542.
^ Paul, Diane B. (2009), Radick, Gregory; Hodge, Jonathan (eds.), "Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics", The Cambridge Companion to Darwin, Cambridge Companions to Philosophy (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 219–245, doi:10.1017/ccol9780521884754.010, ISBN978-0-521-88475-4 , retrieved 2022-03-10
^ "Ross, John R.; Man Over Nature – Origins of the Conservation Move". Journals.ku.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-fourteen .
^ "Conservation Commissions and Conferences under the Roosevelt Assistants 1901–1909". Theodore Roosevelt Association. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2011-11-nineteen .
^ Buenker and Burnham (2006)
^ Lewis Gould, Four hats in the ring: the 1912 election and the birth of modern American Politics (2008)
^ Joan Hoff Wilson, Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive (1975)
^ Robert Brett Westbrook, John Dewey and American democracy (1991)
^ Henry Steele Commager, The American Mind (1952)
^ Louis Filler, The Muckrakers (1976)
^ Henry Steele Commager, ed., Lester Frank Ward and the Welfare State (1967)
^ Buenker and Buenker, eds. Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. (2005)
^ Thomas C., Leonard (29 September 2016). "'The Dark Heart of Progressivism' by Matthew Harwood (Interview with Princeton economics professor)". The American Conservative . Retrieved 2019-06-18 .
^ Kim, Jongsung; Tebaldi, Edinaldo (Fall 2013). "Trends and Sources of Income Inequality in the United States". Journal of Business organisation & Economic Studies. 19 (2): i–13.
^ Western, Bruce; Rosenfeld, Jake (August 2011). "Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality". American Sociological Review. 76 (four): 513–537. doi:ten.1177/0003122411414817. S2CID 18351034.
^ Roser, Max; Cuaresma, Jesus Crespo (March 2016). "Why is Income Inequality Increasing in the Developed Earth?" (PDF). Review of Income and Wealth. 62 (1): 1–27. doi:x.1111/roiw.12153. S2CID 153341589.
^ ^a ^b Garry, Patrick Thou. (17 February 2016). "Conservatism and the Real Problems of Income Inequality". Intercollegiate Studies Institute.
^ Cooper, Daniel H.; Lutz, Byron F.; Palumbo, Michael G. (1 December 2015). "The Function of Taxes in Mitigating Income Inequality Beyond the U.S. States" (PDF). National Tax Journal. 68 (4): 943–974. doi:10.17310/ntj.2015.four.03. S2CID 157588016. ProQuest 1794901698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
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^ Thelen, David Paul (1976). Robert M. La Follette and the Insurgent Spirit. Little, Brown. OCLC 565078133. ^{[ folio needed ]}
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External links [edit]

Media related to Progressivism in the United states at Wikimedia Commons
"The Fifty Nearly Influential Progressives of the Twentieth Century" — Office I, Part II, Part Three, slideshows by The Nation

mccormickphrehing.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States

what generally did progressives believe who were among the first to articulate progressive ideas

Progressive Era [edit]

Purifying the electorate [edit]

Municipal administration [edit]

Efficiency [edit]

Governmental corruption [edit]

Education [edit]

Regulation of large corporations and monopolies [edit]

Trust busting [edit]

Regulation [edit]

[edit]

Anti-prostitution [edit]

Enactment of child labor laws [edit]

Back up for the goals of organized labor [edit]

Prohibition [edit]

Eugenics [edit]

Conservation [edit]

National parks and wild fauna refuges [edit]

Reclamation [edit]

National politics [edit]

Civilization [edit]

In the 21st century [edit]

Mitigating income inequality [edit]

Wall Street reform [edit]

Health care reform [edit]

Minimum wage [edit]

Environmental justice [edit]

Definition [edit]

Progressive parties [edit]

Progressive Party, 1912 [edit]

Progressive Political party, 1924 [edit]

Progressive Party, 1948 [edit]

Meet besides [edit]

References [edit]

Further reading [edit]

Overview [edit]

National politics [edit]

External links [edit]

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